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训练集过拟合,泛化误差反而增大。
抽象
信息:具体的
知识:同一类问题的所有情况,概括性,共同特征(偶数:被2整除,2,4,6,8)
知识-生成新信息,也是学习的目标-生成新的信息,解决从未
记忆 - 重现 数学名称、历史知识
学习 - 泛化 数学
本应用于泛化的学习材料被用于背诵。
指令学习和归纳学习
打探方式
学习规律
指令学习:看教程、参加课程 :指令学习,初高中常用的学习方式;看书、记笔记
归纳学习:观察多个实际案例,用共同规律,不需要语言用观察和操作来学习;直接从一道道习题和答案来学习,并不是用指令来学习;打游戏-LOL,通过实例观察归纳;
包括地域偏见,但是归纳规律并不一定正确,而教科书指令为专家给出的相对准确的。
对较难的知识建议以归纳学习为主,指令学习为辅。
感知不同实例中的共性和差异为主,并参考指令,防止归纳的偏差太大。
如何归纳:拟合
做快?马上看答案
做精?记住理解
两个人都有问题,做题通过归纳学习来进行泛化规律总结。
满足所有旧情况:拟合
拟合并不等于学习,
欠拟合-旧有的情况也无法适用
过拟合-仅能拟合旧有情况,对新情况无法泛化
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe11fbe68-040d-41a6-8b37-0405a354bcd8%2Ffe57a4c0-d807-4074-acff-75054bb4ec5f%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=d511b295-c494-4704-b015-a5b98082cf1e&t=d511b295-c494-4704-b015-a5b98082cf1e&width=855&cache=v2)
对过拟合的抑制:收集更多经验、增加规律的通用性(奥卡姆剃刀),假设最少
对开头给出的两种做题方法
第一种方法容易欠拟合
第二种方法容易过拟合;小考不错,大考不行
做完题要总结
双例对比法
- 简单尝试理解指令
完整思考,(如何确认自己经历了完整的思考流程)不要立即看答案,大脑做好总结归纳的准备
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe11fbe68-040d-41a6-8b37-0405a354bcd8%2F78c2f48f-40a3-40c6-9d4f-d8ebd3741beb%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=e9635e86-b318-4e80-9e6b-ef533019f015&t=e9635e86-b318-4e80-9e6b-ef533019f015&width=1160&cache=v2)
归纳比较共性和差异,并参考课本指令讲解,这个过程不必太过注重规律查抄
学会?规律的适用范围
无法实践,从来没有应用过自己学过的内容
知乎问题-道理都懂却过不好这一生?
知识付费的传统模式:给出对应故事的规律
过拟合?但多数知识可以泛化。
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe11fbe68-040d-41a6-8b37-0405a354bcd8%2F72ecf2e0-a486-4b1a-a924-3f24340cf74b%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=9666c5bf-bca4-40d7-927e-de6e0a8c1836&t=9666c5bf-bca4-40d7-927e-de6e0a8c1836&width=1182&cache=v2)
适用范围(知识的限定条件) 理性人?孤立系统?经典力学
学习材料的适用性
看不懂论文很焦虑?怀疑自己的能力不如人?
归纳 - 实例材料
起因→结果
位置→数字
问题→答案
完全不会的语音→意思
指令 - 描述性材料![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe11fbe68-040d-41a6-8b37-0405a354bcd8%2F88fcf499-b565-4aab-8e08-45044736c614%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=c8a025b2-f713-42bc-bf6e-ff4e193fd285&t=c8a025b2-f713-42bc-bf6e-ff4e193fd285&width=1244&cache=v2)
新知识 ← 旧概念1.2.3.4 专有名词1,专有名词2...
线性变换 ← 线性空间到自身的映射
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe11fbe68-040d-41a6-8b37-0405a354bcd8%2F88fcf499-b565-4aab-8e08-45044736c614%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=c8a025b2-f713-42bc-bf6e-ff4e193fd285&t=c8a025b2-f713-42bc-bf6e-ff4e193fd285&width=1244&cache=v2)
所有描述性材料无法让所有人满意
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe11fbe68-040d-41a6-8b37-0405a354bcd8%2F85de7827-a081-41c0-9798-e9fed378ce27%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=6f6b6a3e-bdf9-4ff4-8217-f3d1e9f9d87f&t=6f6b6a3e-bdf9-4ff4-8217-f3d1e9f9d87f&width=1140&cache=v2)
对专有名词的不同掌握程度影响学习者的评价
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe11fbe68-040d-41a6-8b37-0405a354bcd8%2F33c62da7-b4ce-48b7-b3c0-3ce676fa319f%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=6a37e4d1-a67f-4dba-b953-3aea59e70d8d&t=6a37e4d1-a67f-4dba-b953-3aea59e70d8d&width=1315&cache=v2)
因此,材料的有效性至关重要
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe11fbe68-040d-41a6-8b37-0405a354bcd8%2F5884b870-6386-4873-935b-4876c067bd81%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=cfabd141-cb21-4a6b-a9c3-aac4cbf426a0&t=cfabd141-cb21-4a6b-a9c3-aac4cbf426a0&width=1103&cache=v2)
瓶颈
迅速提升-进步缓慢-出现瓶颈
学习目标-泛化——瓶颈出现的原因
由材料所引起的瓶颈
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe11fbe68-040d-41a6-8b37-0405a354bcd8%2F8c45c5ca-9c44-44b2-b28d-61d1750a2d8c%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=e9a03e49-ef92-4331-a8df-7069dd1eb739&t=e9a03e49-ef92-4331-a8df-7069dd1eb739&width=1017&cache=v2)
exp
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe11fbe68-040d-41a6-8b37-0405a354bcd8%2Fd85f1967-5075-4192-b0a1-beaf3fa33a4f%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=57917b3c-673a-4070-8dde-b260f2286b1f&t=57917b3c-673a-4070-8dde-b260f2286b1f&width=825&cache=v2)
如图就是材料所能带来的全部贡献
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe11fbe68-040d-41a6-8b37-0405a354bcd8%2Fea3675b6-9e3e-419f-9a9d-57c95b734960%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=f1ae53de-bd6b-438a-9839-d7e1ff2d61b0&t=f1ae53de-bd6b-438a-9839-d7e1ff2d61b0&width=1295&cache=v2)
输入新的材料 > 多本不同角度的教材
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe11fbe68-040d-41a6-8b37-0405a354bcd8%2F6dcc1a56-e8ef-45ab-8fdb-2bc64958e32e%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=9411460a-1484-48b0-ad9b-7fb2691bd47f&t=9411460a-1484-48b0-ad9b-7fb2691bd47f&width=1295&cache=v2)
只有材料瓶颈吗?
地穴预言
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe11fbe68-040d-41a6-8b37-0405a354bcd8%2Fb9dbf2b7-595a-4ea2-9c07-50beada0c44c%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=68e9d0cc-d06e-41b8-8bba-821176339bf2&t=68e9d0cc-d06e-41b8-8bba-821176339bf2&width=586&cache=v2)
学习者已有认识,并能正确预测部分内容。
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe11fbe68-040d-41a6-8b37-0405a354bcd8%2F4cf2c327-2dae-4bcc-972f-02e3e51c9561%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=cfef7c21-ddfd-45f1-86a5-eb5cd0f2ec26&t=cfef7c21-ddfd-45f1-86a5-eb5cd0f2ec26&width=1067&cache=v2)
当某人试图指出他人不足时常常也受到攻击。
实例性材料 - 信任,不抵触
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe11fbe68-040d-41a6-8b37-0405a354bcd8%2F490c6c19-ecb5-43af-b71f-22b5da0a3a4e%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=0c87c132-f501-486e-a667-15c45e6c51b2&t=0c87c132-f501-486e-a667-15c45e6c51b2&width=1034&cache=v2)
先至少通过一个实例性材料,使其意识到现有的认识的局限性。
即:苏格拉底式提问
sum
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe11fbe68-040d-41a6-8b37-0405a354bcd8%2Fa0d04b23-cc42-46e0-a9dd-b5961cff1ccf%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=5edc6597-1739-4948-b3be-6646fd42fa7e&t=5edc6597-1739-4948-b3be-6646fd42fa7e&width=773&cache=v2)
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe11fbe68-040d-41a6-8b37-0405a354bcd8%2Fabf1dd11-9e3e-4203-aabd-43e325d4626c%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=803a933d-22f9-47db-b801-f1d7a6ba6967&t=803a933d-22f9-47db-b801-f1d7a6ba6967&width=411&cache=v2)
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe11fbe68-040d-41a6-8b37-0405a354bcd8%2Fef85358b-ae26-415e-bcbf-83caf8ccbaa3%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=53b7e05d-7ede-4104-a4d1-0f7b209e5e9e&t=53b7e05d-7ede-4104-a4d1-0f7b209e5e9e&width=771&cache=v2)
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe11fbe68-040d-41a6-8b37-0405a354bcd8%2F357e67a2-16c7-42ca-be6a-21113095eda3%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=7aa1bbd4-d37a-4608-94b0-e729f321df72&t=7aa1bbd4-d37a-4608-94b0-e729f321df72&width=416&cache=v2)
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe11fbe68-040d-41a6-8b37-0405a354bcd8%2Fe3aaa55c-d34a-4258-8b19-b55853535e46%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=cce4ce88-f5b6-4a1b-aadf-28f58793e8db&t=cce4ce88-f5b6-4a1b-aadf-28f58793e8db&width=561&cache=v2)
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe11fbe68-040d-41a6-8b37-0405a354bcd8%2F0d3beba8-8b3e-466d-8cf6-9749ef16ca76%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=57b8d14d-f832-45c8-91e1-c97913988be5&t=57b8d14d-f832-45c8-91e1-c97913988be5&width=640&cache=v2)
真正的大师永远怀着学徒的心
知识的存储,结构
压缩睡眠时间
要求当场学会
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe11fbe68-040d-41a6-8b37-0405a354bcd8%2Ff6e2a6b4-6871-4e96-b9b2-983e81c8fbb1%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=607166d4-89ca-4130-885e-6d136ee73066&t=607166d4-89ca-4130-885e-6d136ee73066&width=482&cache=v2)
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe11fbe68-040d-41a6-8b37-0405a354bcd8%2F2d7c3510-4040-4147-bc5b-bb6820ed9948%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=de1e2b54-b3a2-4b7e-8bbc-69e8b633f77f&t=de1e2b54-b3a2-4b7e-8bbc-69e8b633f77f&width=1065&cache=v2)
凸触越多越好?
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe11fbe68-040d-41a6-8b37-0405a354bcd8%2F661ed844-cb43-4f0c-869f-4789da2dff29%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=55da8e9f-062e-4906-95d7-d714339f6546&t=55da8e9f-062e-4906-95d7-d714339f6546&width=1321&cache=v2)
构建凸触结构,睡眠期间。
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe11fbe68-040d-41a6-8b37-0405a354bcd8%2F9dd80b93-2e42-48a1-a0d3-b872a512d8a3%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=043bff40-9983-4258-825b-725a496aece2&t=043bff40-9983-4258-825b-725a496aece2&width=779&cache=v2)
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe11fbe68-040d-41a6-8b37-0405a354bcd8%2F317855d9-91c8-4cac-884c-72acb10e08a5%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=e4c40a8c-2d9c-4881-b7d5-b31e76587d07&t=e4c40a8c-2d9c-4881-b7d5-b31e76587d07&width=902&cache=v2)
学习不是一蹴而就的,是长期的梯度下降过程,而睡眠是调整结构的过程。一天没必要只学一个学科。
有效训练与精细加工
想象和观察:学习身体技能尤其明显
实践和训练:最大限度地调动相关神经细胞
测试集、训练集
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe11fbe68-040d-41a6-8b37-0405a354bcd8%2F56f47a34-edef-4c87-8658-a76d7cf049ee%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=390c4f23-4363-4dc8-86a4-3a5ed4d43fe3&t=390c4f23-4363-4dc8-86a4-3a5ed4d43fe3&width=906&cache=v2)
泛听外语:
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe11fbe68-040d-41a6-8b37-0405a354bcd8%2F632ff308-71ff-4c82-895c-16477b477b8e%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=0a382111-db03-4562-81db-f884ad03110e&t=0a382111-db03-4562-81db-f884ad03110e&width=767&cache=v2)
有效训练 = 实际执行 + 正确反馈
归纳学习和指令学习相同。但指令性材料容易遗忘,大脑对实例性材料才较为敏感
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe11fbe68-040d-41a6-8b37-0405a354bcd8%2F0a36fb3b-8779-4006-8334-c0d86ccbf1fa%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=d1ad35ac-e7fa-4844-a4fc-2c035d2d5e89&t=d1ad35ac-e7fa-4844-a4fc-2c035d2d5e89&width=1073&cache=v2)
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe11fbe68-040d-41a6-8b37-0405a354bcd8%2F56b8f740-f413-4531-a3f5-8fa3e61dbbc6%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=29b603a4-cf5a-4644-bc90-524533e9b082&t=29b603a4-cf5a-4644-bc90-524533e9b082&width=635&cache=v2)
通过建构完成的可泛化规律,而推测出其他材料
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe11fbe68-040d-41a6-8b37-0405a354bcd8%2F50208661-49fe-4066-a75d-2a08984160b7%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=9526374b-8a8d-426f-9e83-2d0033ebc1e1&t=9526374b-8a8d-426f-9e83-2d0033ebc1e1&width=1270&cache=v2)
新例预测与表述转换
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe11fbe68-040d-41a6-8b37-0405a354bcd8%2Fa272c48b-07d2-4d04-85fe-cee3d5388dc4%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=63b4dc4d-97b0-412a-9ccc-760035f4c3f0&t=63b4dc4d-97b0-412a-9ccc-760035f4c3f0&width=1219&cache=v2)
验证:确保建构正确的知识
验证泛化能力
用建构的知识解决新的问题?
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe11fbe68-040d-41a6-8b37-0405a354bcd8%2Fbe02d40c-fe97-4f2f-b469-3bd537ecac68%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=272af115-bc77-413e-a0db-d088802b343b&t=272af115-bc77-413e-a0db-d088802b343b&width=1106&cache=v2)
![notion image](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fe11fbe68-040d-41a6-8b37-0405a354bcd8%2F2b66ce2c-62f9-4168-b390-f39c9894f30e%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=ed56f011-6cde-4b55-ac08-e74ccb4d51de&t=ed56f011-6cde-4b55-ac08-e74ccb4d51de&width=1096&cache=v2)
指令性材料:用自己的话表述
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热地学第二定律:
克劳修斯表述、开尔文表述
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以教促学
- Author:NotionNext
- URL:https://tangly1024.com/article/%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0%E8%A7%82-%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86
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